Loss of Appetite in Elderly: Causes and How to Help

According to BMC Medicine, about 25% of older adults are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. This number could rise as the population continues to age. By 2030, seniors will make up about 20% of the US population.

Malnutrition can cause weight loss, fatigue, and cognitive decline. Unfortunately, a loss of appetite in elderly seniors is common and can lead to malnutrition.

What are the top causes of appetite loss in seniors, and how can you start managing your diet? Read on to learn more!

Causes of Appetite Loss

According to BMC Geriatrics, poor appetite is common in older age, with an estimated prevalence between 15 and 30%. Common causes of appetite loss include:

• Issues with biting or chewing
• Side effects of medication or illness
• Changes in vision, taste, or smell
• Changes in gut function
• Poor psychological health
• Social changes (like living and eating alone)

Poor appetite can cause inadequate dietary intake, leading to weight and muscle loss. These symptoms are associated with sarcopenia, frailty, and greater mortality.

Understanding what's causing your appetite loss can help you make informed changes while improving elderly nutrition. Here are a few other common reasons for elderly appetite loss.

Changes to Senses

A loss of taste or sensitivity to smells can affect your appetite. This can occur due to a chronic disease or as a side effect of certain medications.

For example, you may find bitter and sour flavors are more pronounced. This can lead you to eat salty and sweet foods, which may lack essential nutrients.

Underlying Conditions or Medications

Consult a doctor if you experience sudden elderly appetite loss accompanied by increased fatigue and rapid weight loss. These symptoms may mean an underlying condition is affecting your diet.

Illnesses that can affect changes to taste and appetite include:

• Salivary gland problems
• Alzheimer's disease
• Parkinson's disease
• Cancer
• Thyroid disorders
• Gum disease
• Mouth and throat infections

Let your doctor know if you're taking medications for an underlying condition. Some medications can cause dry mouth or a metallic taste in your mouth. These side effects can change how food and water taste.

A loss of appetite in elderly adults can occur due to fluctuating hormone levels. The hormone that notifies us when we're full (leptin) may be overstimulated in seniors.

Illness-related fatigue may further affect your appetite. Let a doctor know if you begin experiencing symptoms. They can determine if you have an underlying condition or need to switch medications.

Dehydration

According to a UCLA School of Nursing study, about 40% of community-dwelling seniors may be chronically dehydrated. Severe dehydration can increase your risk of life-threatening infections and other health issues. These include kidney stones and UTIs.

You may be dehydrated due to:

• Not feeling thirsty due to a sedentary lifestyle
• Forgetfulness
• Taking certain medications

Dehydration can cause headaches, low energy levels, and loss of appetite. Try to drink six to eight 8-ounce glasses of water daily.

Difficulty Chewing

Changes to your oral health can make chewing difficult or unpleasant. You may start avoiding meals as a result. Difficulty chewing and swallowing can occur due to:

• Fatigue
• Pain
• Dental problems
• Medications
• Dementia, stroke, MS, and other health conditions
• Surgery

Consider blending foods into nutritious smoothies. Otherwise, try cutting your food into smaller bites.

Dietary Changes

Changes to your eating schedule or a dislike of new foods can cause a change in appetite. Look for a senior living community that offers access to a personalized dining program. You can discover nutritious foods that meet your preferences.

Mobility Problems

A sedentary lifestyle may contribute to a loss of appetite. Being active can help you work up an appetite while enhancing your mood and physical health.

Try to get 150 minutes of physical activity weekly. Explore different classes through your senior living community's wellness program, including:

• Flexibility and balance programs
• Strength training
• Aerobic exercises

Depression

Eating alone can take the enjoyment out of meals. You may start skipping meals, leading to malnutrition.

Let a healthcare professional know if you experience symptoms of depression, including:

• Lack of energy or motivation
• Sadness, despair, or hopelessness
• Poor sleep habits
• Neglecting personal care
• Feelings of worthlessness
• Unexplained aches and pains
• Memory problems
• Loss of interest in hobbies or friends

Senior Nutrition Tips

Managing appetite in seniors is essential to ensure you get the vitamins and minerals you need to function throughout the day. Here are some senior nutrition tips that may help you combat elderly appetite loss.

Establish a Routine

Establishing a routine will help your body recognize hunger and thirst signals. Schedule time to sit down and eat breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

If you still don't feel hungry before meals, try adding a snack to your routine. This may help stimulate your body's hunger signals. Choose healthy snacks like:

• Nuts
• Baby carrots
• Orange slices
• Yogurt

Choose Nutrient-Dense Foods

Seeing a huge plate loaded with food can make eating feel overwhelming. Instead, prioritize smaller quantities of nutrient-dense foods that contain:

• Complex carbohydrates
• Protein
• Vitamins and minerals

Eating a balanced diet will ensure your body has what it needs to function properly. For help developing a meal plan, consult experts in your senior living community. They can help you choose foods that provide the macro- and micronutrients your body needs.

Enhance Flavors

Enhance a boring dish with rich herbs and spices. Seasoning old dishes can make meals more enjoyable.

Try to avoid adding too much salt. Instead, consider using lemon juice, rosemary, or thyme. Experiment to find a combination you enjoy.

Encourage Socializing

Feeling lonely during meals sometimes causes appetite loss. Use meals as an excuse to socialize with friends. You can hold one another accountable to ensure everyone at the table eats.

Remedying a Loss of Appetite in Elderly Seniors

A loss of appetite in elderly seniors can cause senior health complications. Use these tips to start improving elderly nutrition. Remember, you can always ask for help.

Our team at Addington Place of Mount Pleasant offers resident-focused lifestyle programs and services with each person's unique needs in mind. Discover exceptional comfort, convenience, and elevated living experiences. Contact us now to schedule your tour in Mt. Pleasant, IA.